Effects of Gymnastics based interventions on Motor Fitness Competencies: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60081/SSHA.4.1.2026.625-637Keywords:
- Gymnastic Based Training,
- Fundamental Movement Skills,
- Motor Fitness,
- Physical Education
Abstract
Purpose: The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of gymnastics-based interventions on motor fitness competencies across different age groups, including children, adolescents, and young adults. Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials examining the impact of gymnastics-based training modalities, including fundamental movement skills, coordination training, balance/proprioceptive training, and physical conditioning. A total of 38 studies were included in the analysis. Effect sizes were calculated using standardized mean differences (SMD) under a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and subgroup analyses were performed based on motor fitness components, age groups, and intervention types. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot asymmetry tests, Egger’s test, Trim and Fill method, and Fail-Safe N. Results: The overall pooled effect size indicated a moderate positive effect (SMD = 0.626; 95% CI: 0.086 to 1.165) with high heterogeneity (I² = 95.76%). Subgroup analysis revealed that balance (SMD = 1.534), coordination (SMD = 0.900), and flexibility (SMD = 0.818) showed relatively higher improvements, while muscular strength demonstrated a smaller but significant effect (SMD = 0.351). In contrast, agility (SMD = −1.124) and reaction time (SMD = −4.114) showed inconsistent or negative effects, likely due to differences in measurement direction. Among age groups, children showed the highest effect (SMD = 1.189), whereas young adults showed a more stable moderate effect (SMD = 0.513). Gymnastics-based training demonstrated consistent outcomes with low heterogeneity (I² = 11.34%). Publication bias assessment showed non-significant asymmetry in Egger’s test (p = .657), while the Trim and Fill method adjusted the effect size to SMD = 0.084 (p = .734). The Fail-Safe N (2160) indicated high robustness of the findings. Conclusions: Gymnastics-based interventions are effective in improving motor fitness competencies, particularly flexibility, balance, and coordination. However, the presence of high heterogeneity, methodological variability, and potential publication bias suggests that the results should be interpreted with caution. Future research should focus on standardized measurement approaches and high-quality trials to strengthen the evidence base.
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